Best Industrial Warning Lights (Nov. 2024) - Rated by CherryPicks' Experts

At a Glance: Our Top Picks

Top 1

Federal Signal Low Profile Warning Light, Strobe, Red,

9.9
CPR Score
Top 2

Baomain Alarm Warning Continuous Light 110V AC Industrial Buzzer Red LED Sign...

9.7
CPR Score
Top 3

12-24V LED Stack Tower Lights, Industrial Warning Lights, Andon Lights, Colum...

9.7
CPR Score
Tips


Our team has analyzed 268 products of different brands, including Baomain, LUBAN, Othmro, Nxtop, GKEEMARS, RISOON, Jectse, YJINGRUI, Federal Signal, BBMi, WerFamily, Bettomshin, ZJWZJH, HOKENA, CYBERDAX And FAYAIALO. The following list of top 29 best Industrial Warning Lights is selected for the customers by analyzing and comparing different features.

* CherryPicks.Reviews is reader-supported, Our editor review, and recommend the best products based on extensive data analysis, if you click on the product links, we may earn a commission through qualifying products purchased.

The Best Industrial Warning Lights Rated by CherryPicks

Market Overview
Industrial Warning Lights Reviewed
  • Reviews Analyzed: 3,776 Items
  • CPR Avg. Rating: 8.5 / 10
29 Products Evaluated
  • Highest Price: $225.99
  • Lowest Price: $8.99
  • Avg. Price: $34.52
Price Disclaimer

Top 29 Industrial Warning Lights on Amazon (Verified You can Buy)

Top 1

Federal Signal Low Profile Warning Light, Strobe, Red,

Federal Signal
LP3M-120R
0.45 Pounds

Ratings for Federal Signal (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Amazon.com -

Features

120VAC Voltage
65-95 FPM (Flashes Per Minute)
Show More
Top 2

Baomain Alarm Warning Continuous Light 110V AC Industrial Buzzer Red LED Signal Tower Lamp LTP-502TJ

Baomain
LTP-502TJ
0.6526 Pounds

Ratings for Baomain (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Baomain 5,507
Top 3

12-24V LED Stack Tower Lights, Industrial Warning Lights, Andon Lights, Column Signal Tower Indicator Lamp Beacon, Continuous/Flashing Light Switchable, 3 Layer (with Buzzer)

LUBAN
XHD03-3C-24V-YS-F
2.76 x 10.35 x 2.76 Inches

Ratings for LUBAN (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
ALILI -
LUBAN -

Features

A new generation of Industrial Signal Stack Tower Lights, adopting high performance LED chips, provide high brightness light source with low power consumption and 100,000 hours lifespan, no need to replace the light source all the life
This Tower Light equipped with prism-cut PC lampshade lenses for even light distribution, it has a 360-degree viewing angle, can be viewed easily at a distance
Show More
Top 4

ZJWZJH LED Industrial Warning Light Emergency Light Indicator DC24V 3-Color Single Layer red Green Yellow Waterproof IP65 Dome Type with Continuous Buzzer Sound (Dome Type, with Buzzer,Metal)

ZJWZJH
industrial-warning-lights
2.05 x 2.05 x 2.28 Inches

Ratings for ZJWZJH (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
SZJHFDQ -

Features

【EASY TO INSTALL】Product Name: Industrial Signal Light;Model:TL-BX52-R3-02RYG;Type: Always light;Hole Diameter: 30mm / 1.18",thread installation.
【High-brightness】High-brightness LED,Uniform design,Smooth shade, difficult to dust,with Buzzer Continuous sound.
Show More
Top 5

Nxtop Industrial AC 110V Red LED Warning Light Bulb Signal Tower Lamp N-3051 Steady Flash

Nxtop
GXF8
0.43 x 0.2 x 0.19 Inches
0.1786 Pounds

Ratings for Nxtop (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
NXTOP -

Features

Product Name : Industrial Signal Light;Model : N-3051;Type : Flash
Rated Voltage : AC 110V;Light Color : Red;Material : Plastic, Electronic Parts
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Top 6

Baomain Warning Continuous Light 110V AC Industrial Continuous LTP-502T Blue LED Signal Tower Lamp

Baomain
LTP-502T
0.3527 Pounds

Ratings for Baomain (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Baomain 5,507

Features

Material : Plastic, Electronic Parts ; Voltage : 110V AC
Light Source : LED ; Light Color : Blue
Show More
Top 7

Baomain Industrial Signal Warning lamp Round Red Warning Light Blinking LTE-5061 AC 110V 3W

Baomain
LTE-5061

Ratings for Baomain (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Baomain 5,507

Features

Type: Strobe Warning Lamp, Light Type: LED
Model: LTE-5061 (LTE-3071)
Show More
Top 8

Othmro 1Pcs 24V 3W 2 Level Warning Light, Industrial Signal Light Tower Lamp, Column LED Alarm Round Tower Light, Indicator Continuous Light, Andon Lights, Plastic Electronic Part for Call Light

Othmro
OTH190729LD7-0010

Ratings for Othmro (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Heyiarbeit US -
Othmro US -
Aikesineng -

Features

【Size】-Product Name: Industrial signal light;Rated Voltage: AC24V; Power: 3W;Manufacturer Model:TB50-2T-D-J
【Material】-Industrial Signal Light made of durable plastic, high performance in water resistant. Good resistance in fog, rainy weather for emergency situations.
Show More
Top 9

Baomain Industrial Signal Light Column LED Alarm Round Tower Light Indicator Continuous Light LGP-502T Warning Light Red AC 110V

Baomain
LGP-502T

Ratings for Baomain (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Baomain 5,507
Top 10

Nxtop Industrial AC 110V Blud LED Warning Light Blue Signal Tower Lamp Steady Flash (N-3072 110V AC)

Nxtop
S5
0.2183 Pounds

Ratings for Nxtop (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
NXTOP -

Features

Product Name : Industrial Signal Light;Model : N-3072B;Type : Flash
Rated Voltage : DC 110V;Light Color : Blue;Material : Plastic, Electronic Parts
Show More
Top 11

Baomain Alarm Warning Light 24V DC Industrial Buzzer Continuous Red LED Signal Tower LTP-502TJ

Baomain
LTP-502TJ
0.5512 Pounds

Ratings for Baomain (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Baomain 5,507

Features

Material: Plastic, Electronic Parts
Voltage: 24V DC; Light Color: Red
Show More
Top 12

Baomain Industrial Signal Round Green Warning Light Strobe Warning lamp LTE-5061 AC 110V

Baomain
LED-3071

Ratings for Baomain (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Baomain 5,507

Features

Type: Strobe Warning Lamp;
Rated Voltage: AC 110V
Show More
Top 13

Baomain Industrial Signal Round Yellow Warning Light Strobe Warning lamp LTE-5061 AC 110V

Baomain
LED-3071

Ratings for Baomain (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Baomain 5,507

Features

Type: Strobe Warning Lamp
Rated Voltage: AC 110V
Show More
Top 14

WerFamily 100-110dB Buzzer Red 20 LED Warning Light Signal Tower Lamp Industrial AC 110V with Base

WerFamily

Ratings for WerFamily (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
WerFamily -
djie888 -
Xinhui Keji -

Features

High Quality, Professional Grade products.
20 High-intensity LEDs light up to 50,000 hours of life expectancy. 360 degrees of coverage, you can expect everyone in your surroundings to be alerted.
Show More
Top 15

LED Warning Light,Industrial Red/Orange/Green CNC Machine Indicator Alarm Signal Tower Light Safety Stack with Buzzer Sound for Machine Tools, Mechanical Equipment 24VDC

Jectse
Jectsexm509sur74
11.811 x 2.7559 x 2.7559 Inches
0.5512 Pounds

Ratings for Jectse (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Jectse us -

Features

100% brand new and high quality.
Made of high quality material, strong and sturdy
Show More
Top 16

GKEEMARS Industrial Signal Alarm Tower Lamp LTE-1101J AC 110V, LED Rotating Strobe Warning Light with Buzzer for Emergency (Yellow)

GKEEMARS
LTE-1101J
0.4101 Pounds

Ratings for GKEEMARS (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
GKEA -

Features

Product Name: Industrial Signal Alarm Tower Lamp
Rated Voltage: AC 110V; Power: 1W
Show More
Top 17

LUBAN Led Signal Tower Stack Lights, Industrial Signal Warning Lights, Column Tower Lamp Andon Lights with Rotatable Base, Steady/Flashing Light Switchable,12V 24V DC(3-Layer, no Buzzer)

LUBAN
AMZ-XHD02-3C-24V-WS
265.0 Millimeters
208.0 Grams

Ratings for LUBAN (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
LUBAN -
greatbeck -

Features

High intensity LED signal light with low power consumption, can be viewed easily at a distance
Long lasting LED light-100000 hours lifespan, built-in buzzer-90db beep alarm, durable construction for long lasting use
Show More
Top 18

YJINGRUI LED Industrial Signal Tower Light 3 Colors Flash LED 180°C Folding Light with Buzzer Alarm Warning Lamp for CNC Machines Red Yellow Green 100db (DC 24V)

YJINGRUI
WFF--109
2.0 x 2.0 x 4.0 Inches

Ratings for YJINGRUI (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
YJINGRUIUS -

Features

Voltage: DC24V. If you need DC24V or AC220V, please contact us, we can provide it for you.
Three Colors Can Be Switched Randomly: When the red wire is connected, the red light flashes; when the yellow wire is connected, the yellow light flashes; when the green wire is connected, the green light flashes. Choose different wiring methods according to personal needs.
Show More
Top 19

LUBAN Tower Stack Lights, Industrial Warning Signal Lights Tower Lamps Column, Factory Workshop Safety RGB Signal Indicator, LED Andon Lights (110V, 2 Layers, Without Sound)

LUBAN
B-2T-110+L

Ratings for LUBAN (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
LUBAN -
greatbeck -

Features

LUBAN Industrial Signal Stack Tower Lights, adopting high performance LED chips as the light source to provide high brightness light with lower power consumption and at least 50,000 hours long lifespan
This Tower Light equipped with prism-cut PC lampshade lenses for even light distribution, it has a 360-degree viewing angle, with a height adding pole, it's easily viewed at a distance in the workshop
Show More
Top 20

LUBAN Industrial Signal Light Tower, Column LED Alarm Tower Lamp Light Flash Indicator, 3-Layer Stack LED Warning Light for Safety (DC 12V/Steady ON Light)

LUBAN
2020040904
480.0 Millimeters
0.5 Kilograms

Ratings for LUBAN (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
LUBAN -
greatbeck -

Features

Light Source: RED/YELLOW/GREEN 3 layer stack light, 15 light beads on each layer, compared with tungsten bulb, it has a brighter and eye-catching light and longer working life
Material: Lamp shade-PC, lamp shell-ABS, support rod-aluminum, mounting bracket-stainless steel
Show More
Top 21

BBMI 100mm(4inch) Traffic Light, DC9-36V Red/Green Stop and Go Light, Traffic Signal Light, PC Housing Waterproof IP65 Industrial LED Traffic Stop Light, Cobweb Lens Indicator Warning Light

BBMi
11.81 x 6.89 x 5.91 Inches

Ratings for BBMi (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
BBMi LIGHTING -

Features

LED: Our LED lamp beads are UL Listed, each LED is imported from Taiwan. The LED life span up to 100000 hours. Red LED with 6300mcd brightness, Green LED with 12480mcd brightness. LED light-emitting diode is a light source, with stable performance and ideal display effect.
BLACK HOUSING & WATERPROOF : Durable black housing to ensure durability and a multilayer seal protects lens from dust and water seal to keep protected from water in harsh weather environments. The waterproof grade is IP65.
Show More
Top 22

LED Stack Tower Lights 85db Industrial Warning Lights Signal Tower Light Flashing Signal Light Three Layers with Buzzer& 180°Rotatable Base (DC 24V)

FAYAIALO

Ratings for FAYAIALO (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
FAYAIALO -

Features

Voltage: 24V; Three layers: red/yellow/green
Equipped with buzzer, the sound is as high as 85 decibels.
Show More
Top 23

Bettomshin 1Pcs 90dB Strobe Warning Light Bulb, 220V DC 10W, Industrial Signal Tower with Buzzer Alarm Indicator Lamp for Construction Freight Works LTE-2071J Red

Bettomshin

Ratings for Bettomshin (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Bettomshin US -

Features

【Parameter】Rated Voltage: DC 12V; Power: 10W; Type: Incandescent.
【Material】The light is made of durable plastic which has strong corrosion resistance, low cost, light weight and good insulation.
Show More
Top 24

BBMI 100mm(4inch) Traffic Light, AC85-265V Red/Green Stop and Go Light, Led Traffic Signal Light, PC Housing Waterproof IP65 Industrial LED Traffic Stop Light, Indicator Warning Light

BBMi
11.81 x 5.91 x 17.25 Inches
2.0 Kilograms

Ratings for BBMi (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
BBMi LIGHTING -

Features

LED: Our LED lamp beads are UL Listed, each LED is imported from Taiwan. The LED life span up to 100000 hours. Red LED with 6300mcd brightness, Green LED with 12480mcd brightness. LED light-emitting diode is a light source, with stable performance and ideal display effect.
BLACK HOUSING & WATERPROOF : Durable black housing to ensure durability and a multilayer seal protects lens from dust and water seal to keep protected from water in harsh weather environments. The waterproof grade is IP65.
Show More

Solar Road Warning Light, Wireless Flashing Lamp for Barricade Safety Road Construction Traffic Signal Lamp, Flicker Beacon LED Strobe Lights

CYBERDAX
CDF-1260T

Ratings for CYBERDAX (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Bernie Max -
Top 26

Bettomshin 1Pcs 90dB Strobe Warning Light Bulb, 12V DC 1W, Industrial Signal Tower with Buzzer Alarm Indicator Lamp for Construction Freight Works LTE1101J Red

Bettomshin

Ratings for Bettomshin (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Bettomshin US -

Features

Dimensions: Rated Voltage: DC 12V; Power: 10W; Length: 170mm/6.69"; Diameter: 84mm/3.31"
Warning light is a kind of signal light used in industrial production equipment to transmit equipment status to machine operators by visual and sound signals; Widely used in Lighting residential area, boat, workship, machine tool, industrial and mechanical equipment, security system, etc
Show More
Top 27

BBMI DC9-36V 200mm(8inch) Traffic Light, Red/Green Stop and Go Light, Traffic Signal Light, PC Housing Waterproof IP65 Industrial LED Traffic Stop Light, Indicator Warning Light

BBMi
20.0 x 8.0 x 10.0 Inches
10.1853 Pounds

Ratings for BBMi (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
BBMi LIGHTING -

Features

LED: Our LED lamp beads are UL Listed, each LED is imported from Taiwan. The LED life span up to 100000 hours. Red LED with 5000mcd brightness, Green LED with 9500mcd brightness. LED light-emitting diode is a light source, with stable performance and ideal display effect.
BLACK HOUSING & WATERPROOF : Durable black housing to ensure durability and a multilayer seal protects lens from dust and water seal to keep protected from water in harsh weather environments. The waterproof grade is IP65.
Show More
Top 28

Bettomshin 1Pcs Warning Light Bulb, 220V DC 3W, Industrial Signal Tower No Buzzer Constant Bright Alarm Indicator Lamp for Construction Freight Works TB50-1T-E Green with Siamese Base

Bettomshin

Ratings for Bettomshin (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Bettomshin US -

Features

Dimensions: Rated Voltage: DC 220V; Power: 3W; Length: 205mm/8.07"; Diameter: 50mm/1.97"
Warning light is a kind of signal light used in industrial production equipment to transmit equipment status to machine operators by visual and sound signals; Widely used in Lighting residential area, boat, workship, machine tool, industrial and mechanical equipment, security system, etc
Show More

HOKENA 9 Piece Set - LED Road Flares Emergency Lights & Car Safety Kit - Roadside Warning Flare Beacon Disc for Vehicle & Boat with Magnetic Base, Batteries Included, Seatbelt Cutter & Window Breaker

HOKENA
1
3.0709 x 2.4488 x 1.874 Inches

Ratings for HOKENA (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
HOKENA -

Features

[We're Different] - One-of-a-kind car emergency kit that includes premium LED road flares with a powerful magnetic base, thermal blankets, glass window breaker, seatbelt cutter, a whistle & carry case. Engineered to perfection for your safety.
[Pre-Installed Batteries & Tools] - Unlike those of other sellers in the market, AAA batteries come pre-installed in our emergency LED road flare kit. Screwdriver tools & detailed instructions for battery changes are also included.
Show More

Top 10 Industrial Warning Lights - Verified to Buy (Apr. 2024)

Top 10 Industrial Warning Lights Brands on Amazon

Here is the list of top-rated brands that were evaluated by CherryPicks.

  • Federal Signal
  • Baomain
  • LUBAN
  • ZJWZJH
  • Nxtop
  • Othmro
  • WerFamily
  • Jectse
  • GKEEMARS
  • YJINGRUI

Top 10 Industrial Warning Lights Sellers: CPR Seller Rank List

CPR sellers rank is based on CherryPicks-AI bestselling ranking system that helps us analyze each seller's sales trends. The List of top seller ranks is our in-house data, essential for our product ranking to help you make the right shopping choice.

  • 1. Baomain : 964 Yearly Feedback , Avg. Ratings 4.9
  • 2. Amazon.com : 385 Yearly Feedback , Avg. Ratings 4.7
  • 3. Othmro US : 305 Yearly Feedback , Avg. Ratings 4.8
  • 4. Jectse us : 260 Yearly Feedback , Avg. Ratings 4.6
  • 5. Heyiarbeit US : 259 Yearly Feedback , Avg. Ratings 4.8
  • 6. GKEA : 172 Yearly Feedback , Avg. Ratings 4.9
  • 7. Bettomshin US : 107 Yearly Feedback , Avg. Ratings 4.9
  • 8. LUBAN : 88 Yearly Feedback , Avg. Ratings 4.6
  • 9. NXTOP : 83 Yearly Feedback , Avg. Ratings 4.8
  • 10. ALILI : 81 Yearly Feedback , Avg. Ratings 4.6
Rank Name Yearly Feedbacks Avg. Ratings
🥇 Baomain 964 4.9
🥈 Amazon.com 385 4.7
🥉 Othmro US 305 4.8
4 Jectse us 260 4.6
5 Heyiarbeit US 259 4.8
6 GKEA 172 4.9
7 Bettomshin US 107 4.9
8 LUBAN 88 4.6
9 NXTOP 83 4.8
10 ALILI 81 4.6
View or download top Industrial Warning Lights seller & rating report
Baomain [964] Amazon.com [385] Othmro US [305] Jectse us [260] Heyiarbeit US [259] GKEA [172] Bettomshin US [107] LUBAN [88] NXTOP [83] ALILI [81] Baomain 36% Amazon.com 14% Othmro US 11% Jectse us 10% Heyiarbeit US 10% GKEA 6% Bettomshin US 4% LUBAN 3% NXTOP 3% ALILI 3%

[Get] Industrial Warning Lights Deals (✅Exclusively for Prime)

What does "Amazon Fulfilled" Mean?

Amazon Fulfilled refers to products handled by Amazon's logistics, which indicates that the product is stored, packed, and shipped by Amazon from one of its fulfillment centers.

When you order a product that is "Amazon Fulfilled," Amazon takes care of the storage, packing, shipping, and customer service for that product. This often ensures quicker delivery and better customer service compared to products that are not fulfilled by Amazon. It also means that the product is eligible for Amazon's return policy.

What does "Prime" Mean?

"Prime" refers to Amazon Prime Member (Join Amazon Prime Now), which indicates eligibility for Prime benefits. When you see "Prime" next to a product on Amazon, This generally means that if you are  an Amazon Prime member, you can get free two-day shipping on that product, and sometimes even same-day or one-day shipping depending on your location.

Prime members also have access to other benefits, including 2-Day ShippingExclusive Member DealsPrime VideoBuy With PrimeAmazon MusicPrime Gaming, and more.

Shop Prime Industrial Warning Lights Deals

What does "Free Shipping" Mean?

"Free Shipping" means that you will not be charged additional fees for the shipping of that product. However, unlike "Prime," which usually guarantees fast two-day shipping, "Free Shipping" doesn't necessarily mean fast shipping.

Sometimes there might be a minimum purchase requirement to qualify for free shipping if you are not a Prime member. For Prime members, the "Free Shipping" usually refers to the free two-day shipping that is one of the benefits of the Prime membership.


Why Should You Trust Us?

Now hundreds and thousands of Occupational Health & Safety Products supplies are available on Amazon, Picking the right one is not easy, and that may take a lot of your time, Right? and What is the best Industrial Warning Lights to buy for new November 2024?

CherryPicks’s Methodology for Evaluating Industrial Warning Lights

We developed the CherryRatings-AI system to identify and score reviews and the CherryPicks-AI ranking system that uses TensorFlow framework to generate the best list, It will help us evaluate Occupational Health & Safety Products items that sell on Amazon. The score of items is based on over ten parameters such as analyzing customer review content, product reviewing rating statistics, brand reputation evaluation, comparing product price with features, etc, You can visit How We Rank to learn more in detail.

We collected and analyzed 268 of Industrial Warning Lights reviews based on our selection criteria. It helped us shortlist the top qualified and rated Industrial Warning Lights for Occupational Health & Safety Products, We found that most customers choose Industrial Warning Lights with an average price of $34.52, and the top brands are Baomain, LUBAN, Othmro, Nxtop, GKEEMARS, RISOON, Jectse, YJINGRUI, Federal Signal, BBMi, WerFamily, Bettomshin, ZJWZJH, HOKENA, CYBERDAX And FAYAIALO. 

Then our expert-level editors reviewed all those quality items and selected the top 29 Industrial Warning Lights for you, We have researched hundreds of sellers and picked the top sellers for Occupational Health & Safety Products, including Baomain, Amazon.com, Othmro US, Jectse us, Heyiarbeit US, GKEA, Bettomshin US, LUBAN, NXTOP, ALILI, Aikesineng And greatbeck. The Federal Signal Low Profile Warning Light, Strob... are available for purchase right now, and The seller of #1 rank product has received honest feedback from 28 consumers with an average rating of 4.2.

We've helped a lot of satisfied users get the right Industrial & Scientific product based on their needs, and save lots of time for them to pick Industrial Warning Lights to buy.


Written By Brandi W. Cortright

Brandi is a woman in tech who loves to write about the electronics and gadgets she has used. On this site, she would be providing you unbiased reviews of electronics as they are released into the market to make you know what to expect before making a purchase.